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Delhi

Alternative Fuels For I.C. Engine - Solid, Liquid And Gaseous Fuels

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Published in: Mechanical
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An alternative fuel can be defined as any material or Substance, other than conventional fuel (e.g. petroleum), which is consumed to provide energy to Power an engine.

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  1. Alternative fuels for ICC. engine - solid, liquid and gaseous fuels Presented By Harish Choudhary
  2. An alternative fuel can be defined as any material or Substance, other than conventional fuel (e.g. petroleum), which is consumed to provide energy to Power an engine. Also "Alternative fuel" means fuel that is 'For use in motor vehicles to deliver direct propulsions. 'Less damaging to the environment than the conventional fuels . 'Prescribed by regulation.
  3. Solid fuels Solid fuel refers to various types of solid material that are used as fuel to produce energy and provide heating , usually released through combustion ,wood ' Peat is a form of coal. In the life cycle of coal, biomass decomposes over thousands of years and becomes peat and then after thousands more years, becomes lignite, and then coal. Once it is dried, peat becomes extremely volatile. •Coke-Coke is a coal-like fuel source that are produced by heating natural coal in specialized containers to burn only the oily surface off of the coal
  4. Alternative solid fuels 'Biomass -Biomass is plant material taken to be used as fuel. While wood is a type of biomass, other plants commonly used for fuel include wheat, straw, nut shells, or any fibrous material. Anthracite -Anthracite is a smokeless coal that was formed over the course of over three hundred million years. Its density allows it to burn for long periods of time without producing very much smoke. Also due to its density, it is very difficult to light and often requires the use of a second, easier burning fuel to help in the process. ' Briquettes —Briquettes are generally non-organic blocks of fuel that are made of compressed minerals . Their flames will last long periods of time.
  5. Advantages 'Reduces the pollution . 'Save the conventional energy. 'Cost of some fuels are less e.g. biomass . Disadvantages 'Efficiency is low 'Manufacturing cost is high
  6. Liquid fluids Liquid fuels are preferred for IC engines because they are easy to store and have reasonably good calorific value. Alcohol alcohols are an attractive alternate fuel because they can be obtained from both natural and manufactured sources. Methanol and ethanol are two kinds of alcohols that seem most promising. Methanol — The primary alternative methanol fuel being used in M-85 which is made up of 85% methane and 15% gasoline . In future M 100 may also be used. It is created from a synthesis gas (hydrogen and CO). which is reacted in presence of catalyst . Methanol can also produce from non petroleum feed stroke such as al and biomass.
  7. Environmental characteristics - Emissions from M-85 vehicles are slightly lower than in gasoline powered vehicles. Smog-forming emissions are generally 30-50 percent lower; NOX and hydrocarbons emissions from M-85 vehicles are similar to slightly lower. However, CO emissions are usually equal or slightly higher than in gasoline vehicles. Advantages: 'High octane and performance characteristics. 'Only minor modifications are needed to allow gasoline engines to use methanol. 'There isa significant reduction of reactive emissions when using M-85
  8. Ethanol- It's a cheap non-petroleum based fuel. As with methanol, E-85 is the primary ethanol alternative fuel. The use of ethanol in vehicles is not a new innovation. It can be produced by fermentation of vegetables and plant materials. In India, its main source is molasses - a byproduct of sugarcane. Its done in three stages 'Extraction of juice from sugarcane 'Fermentation of the juice 'Distillation Environmental Characteristics: It has approximately 30-50% fewer smog forming emissions than a gasoline vehicle. Air toxics are also reduced by about 50 percent when compared to gasoline. As with all internal combustion engines, vehicles using ethanol emit minor amounts of aldehydes. This is resolved by installing advanced catalytic converters on the vehicles.
  9. Major problem with ethanol is the corrosion. Ethanol driven vehicles require lines, hoses and valves to be resistant to the corrosion that alcohol can induce. Alcohol corrodes lead-plated fuel tanks; magnesium, copper, lead, zinc, and aluminum parts; and some synthetic gaskets. Disadvantages of alcohol 'Alcohols have low energy content and have poor ignition characteristics . 'Alcohols have almost invisible flames which is considered dangerous when handling fuel 'There is possibility of vapor lock in fuel delivery system.
  10. Gaseous fuels Gaseous fuels are best suited for IC engines since physical delay is almost zero. as fuel displaces equal amount of air the engine may have poor However volumetric efficiency . Hydrogen -Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas, water, methanol etc. Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen: 'Electrolysis 'Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation. Environmental Characteristics: When combusted (oxidized), only water vapor is produced. When burned in an internal combustion engine, small amounts of nitrogen oxides and small amounts of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are produced, due to the use of engine lubricants. 10
  11. Advantages 'Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly 10 times faster than gasoline- air mixture. 'Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperature but requires very little energy to ignite it. 'Clean exhaust, produces no C02. 'As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling Disadvantages 'There is danger of back fire and induction ignition. 'Though low in exhaust , it produces toxic NOx. 'Its difficult to handle and store, requiring high capital and running cost. 11
  12. Natural gas - CNG And LPG Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons - mainly methane (CH4). It can be stored on a vehicle either in a compressed gaseous state (CNG) or in a liquefied state (LNG). Natural gas is primarily extracted from gas wells or in conjunction with crude oil production; it can also be produced as a "by-product" of landfill operations. 'Environmental Characteristics: Natural gas has low CO emissions, virtually no PM (particulate matter) emissions, and reduced volatile organic compounds. Per unit of energy, natural gas contains less carbon than any other fossil fuel, leading to lower C02 emissions per vehicle mile traveled. 12
  13. 'Advantages 'Its cheap 'It's Engine- Friendly 'It's safe 'There is lot of it in India. 'It's clean, easy to trap and odorless. 'Disadvantages 'The storage cylinder takes a lot of space. 'CNG gas stations are not widely available in India. 13
  14. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consists of various hydrocarbons, mainly propane, propylene, butane, and butylenes in various mixtures. The main constituent, in most of the cases , is propane. LPG is a byproduct of natural gas processing and petroleum refining Environmental Characteristics: The LPG run vehicles have lower emission of reactive hydrocarbons (about one-third less), NOX (20 percent less), and CO (60 percent less) than gasoline vehicles
  15. 'Advantages 'Its cost is 60% of petrol with 90% of its mile age. 'Has a higher octane number and burns more efficiently. 'LPG has many of the storage and transportation advantages of liquids, along with the fuel advantages of gases. 'Saves on the maintenance costs. Disadvantages 'A special fuel system is required for liquid petroleum gas 'A good cooling system is quite necessary. 'The ignition temperature is high so reduction in valve life 'The vehicle weight is increased due to the use of heavy pressure cylinder for storing LPG
  16. Other possible fuels > Biogas >Blast furnace gas >Coke oven gas >Benzol > Acetone 16
  17. Biodiesel Biodiesel is a fuel made primarily from the oils and fats of plants. Although, it can be used as a straight replacement to diesel, the blend of biodiesel to diesel can be as low as 20% biodiesel, 80% diesel. Biodiesel can be produced through a transesterfication process, forming fatty esters. One of the byproducts of production is glycerol, which can then be sold as an independent product. Environmental Characteristics: Biodiesel has no aromatic content and only trace amounts of sulfur. In vehicle tests, it has lower emissions of carbon monoxide, soot, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons than conventional diesel. With adjustments in the injection engine timing, it is possible to reduce the NOX emissions. 17
  18. Advantages >Low Emissions At is biodegradable and non-toxic >Low cost > High Cetane Number > High Lubricidity 18
  19. Electricity (Batteries & Fuel Cells) Electricity is a type of energy where mechanical power is derived directly from it, as opposed to other alternative fuels, which release stored chemical energy through combustion to provide mechanical power. Electricity in vehicles is commonly provided by rechargeable batteries, but fuel cells are also being explored. Battery- powered electric vehicles are almost zero- emission vehicles. Fuel cell emissions, using hydrogen as the fuel, are water vapor and heat. 19
  20. Conclusions Our dependence on energy is central to our economy and way of life. Economically, we need to utilize new and renewable types of fuels, as our supplies of many current fuels are very limited. Environmentally, burning fossil fuels has been greatly affecting and damaging our planet. Thus, it is important to compare all types of fuels, in order to determine the best ones, economically and environmentally, short term and long term. For this we need to develop alternative fuels. 20
  21. References V Ganesan —(2008)Internal combustion engines -The McGraw-Hill companies Thank you ! ! 21

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